This project explores the interplay between environmental adaptation, technological development and structural change in the Swedish pulp and paper industry in the 1960s to the 90s. During this period, the costs for environmental protection in the pulp and paper industry amounted to about 10-15 percent of total investments. At the same time, significant emission cuts were accomplished. These changes were carried out simultaneously as the Swedish economy underwent a period a structural crisis and transformation. The high proportion of environmental investments indicates that environmental adaptation interplayed with an ongoing structural change in the industry; effects that have not been explored in research so far. In practice, increasing demands for pollution control, caused by a new regulation in 1969, coincide with a need for structural changes, increased efficiency and lowered energy costs. In sum, our project aims at enhancing the empirical and theoretical understanding of how demands for environmental protection interplayed with technological and structural changes during the late the 20th century. We believe that this knowledge is important to comprehend the conditions for the renewing of the Swedish heavy industries after the 1960s. Our project will also provide new insights about potential mutual effects between environmental regulation and structural change. At the basis for this study is previously unexplored source materials hosted by the business organisations.